Administration Policies - A study by Artur Victoria

Four major sets of policies concerning product, production, sales, and finance have been discussed. Minor policies deal with the following:

1. Purchasing 2. Personnel 3. Research and development leia todo o artigo

The Traditional Model of Human Behavior at Organizations - A study by Artur Victoria

The Traditional model owes its existence to three major streams of thought relevant to administration. First, an important component of the Traditional approach is drawn from the writings of nineteenth-century philosophers and classical economists. The philosophical doctrine prevalent at that time, Social Darwinism, argued that the fittest survive (and should survive), and that it was their duty to guide those of lesser ability. Combine this belief with the classical economist's notion that leisure was man's preferred state and work his required state, and one has the makings of a theory that organizations were populated with a multitude of basically inept individuals who had to be forced to work through monetary incentives. leia todo o artigo

Human Resources Formal Organization - A study by Artur Victoria

Partly for moralistic reasons, but at least partly to forestall unionism, management began to modify its approach to administration. Beginning first with manager own observations and later relying heavily on the results of the Hawthorne studies, the first large-scale social science experiments in industry, an emerging theory of administration began to treat employees as whole individuals who could not be broken down into component parts. Thus, programs were developed to satisfy more than an individual physical and security needs, including, in addition, his need to feel important as an individual and to feel a part of his work group and the larger organization.

It is important to note that neither managers nor scholars contributing to the development of this new administrative model tended to modify the widely held view that most organization members are incapable of self-direction and control. Those who advocated increased efforts to keep employees informed, help them see how their jobs fit in, and involve people in decisions about how they are treated did so primarily with the goal of reducing resistance to organizational practices rather than with the intent of utilizing a broader range of capabilities of lower level members. leia todo o artigo